Forces and Motion
Standard SI units, prefixes (nano to giga), and significant figures
- Distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration
- Plotting and interpreting Distance-Time and Velocity-Time graphs (calculating gradient
for speed/acceleration and area under the curve for distance)
- Newton’s Three Laws of Motion.
- Weight (W =mg)and the difference between mass and weight.
- Terminal velocity in fluids (Drag and Air Resistance).
- Hooke’s Law (F =kx), elastic vs. plastic deformation.
- Vector Addition: Resultant forces using scale drawings or trigonometry.
Center of gravity, principle of moments (M=f x d), and stability
Conservation of momentum, (p=mu), and force as the rate of change of momentum.
Electricity
V =IR Q=It
IV characteristics for Ohmic conductors, filament lamps, diodes, LDRs, and thermistors..
Series and parallel rules for current, voltage, and total resistance.
P =IV, P =I R2, E=IVt
AC vs. DC, three-pin plugs, fuses, circuit breakers (RCCBs), and earthing.
Charging by friction, electric fields, and gold-leaf
electroscopes (Common in Edexcel/CIE).
Waves
Transverse vs. longitudinal
Range of human hearing (20Hz–20kHz), ultrasound applications (sonar, prenatal scanning), and echo calculations
- Reflection and Refraction (Snell’s Law).
- Total Internal Reflection (TIR) and optical fibers.
- Lenses: Ray diagrams for converging and diverging lenses; magnification calculations.
Properties, hazards, and uses of the EM spectrum (Radio to Gamma).
Frequency shifts in moving sources.
Charging by friction, electric fields, and gold-leaf
electroscopes (Common in Edexcel/CIE).
Energy Resources and Transfers
Kinetic, Gravitational Potential(mgh), Chemical, Elastic, Magnetic, Electrostatic, Nuclear, and Thermal.
Mechanically, Electrically, by Heating, or by Radiation
Calculating efficiency as a percentage of useful energy output.
- Conduction, Convection, and Radiation (Black body radiation).
- Specific Heat Capacity (Q=mcΔθ)
Renewable (Solar, Wind, Hydro, Geothermal) vs. Non-renewable (Fossil
fuels, Nuclear).